Soil Genesis and Classification
samaneh Tajik; shamsollah ayoubi; mohmmad mehdi darvisihi; hossein khademi
Abstract
Introduction Soil snails constitute an important part of the forest ecosystem and play an essential role in litter decomposition and soil calcium concentration. Snails are known as bioindicators because of narrow distribution, short lifetime, and high sensitivity (22, 24). The abundance and distribution ...
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Introduction Soil snails constitute an important part of the forest ecosystem and play an essential role in litter decomposition and soil calcium concentration. Snails are known as bioindicators because of narrow distribution, short lifetime, and high sensitivity (22, 24). The abundance and distribution of soil snails are dependent on different environmental conditions, such as precipitation, pH, soil calcium, and plant cover. Also, soil properties are mainly related to topographic parameters. Because ecosystem components have complex relationships, we need powerful models to find effective factors and spatial variations of the soil fauna (23). Linear Regression and random forest are popular and applicable models in soil science. Up to the present, no study has investigated the effect of soil parameters on snail abundance using linear regression and random forest. This study was performed to investigate the effect of soil properties and topographic parameters on the abundance of soil snails and their distribution in a part of forest area located in Bahramnia forest, an experimental site in Golestan Province, in the north of Iran. Materials and Methods This study was conducted in Shast Kalate (Bahramnia) forest, an experimental forest of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, located at the eastern Caspian region, north of Iran (36° 43′ 27″ N latitudes, 54°24′ 57″ E longitudes). 153 soil samples were collected from 0-10 cm; then soil snails were gathered and classified into the Gastropoda taxonomic class group. Soil properties, such as Soil particle size distribution (clay, silt, and sand), soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE), soil organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), and Soil microbial respiration (Resp), were measured via laboratory analysis. Also, digital elevation model and satellite images were used to determine the topographic parameters, such as Elevation, slope, slope aspect (Aspect), land surface temperature (land temp) wetness index (WI) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). We used linear regression and nonlinear random forest models for investigating linear and nonlinear relationships between soil properties, topographic parameters, and the abundance of soil snails. Likewise, sensitive analysis was done to find the importance of the input parameters. Results and Discussion The PCA analysis showed that first and second components explain 38 and 21 percent of the variation. In the first component, EC, OC, TN, pH, and silt were the most variable, and in the second component CCE, Clay, OC, sand, and EC were the most important parameters. In both components, topographic parameters had no effect. The PCA graph showed that CCE, sand, and pH had the most correlation with snail abundance and EC, Resp, OC, and TN affected their abundance. The validation results of regression and random forest models showed that random forests have more accuracy (0.49) and low error (1.82). In addition, the sensitive analysis showed that CCE, pH, EC, OC, aspects, elevation, and land temp are the most important parameters on snail abundance. Different studies reported that pH and CCE are effective parameters on snail abundance (20, 17). Also, Ondina., et al. (27) reported that EC has an important effect on soil snail abundance. We hypothesize that topographic parameters affect soil snail nonlinearly and by affecting soil properties. Aspect is one of the topographic parameters that, via an effect on land temperature, land cover, and pH (8), has an important role in soil snails. In this way, elevation, by affecting pH, wetness, land temperature, OC, and TN, affects soil snail abundance (13). Land temperature is the other topographic parameter that is affected by aspect and elevation and had a significant effect on snail abundance by affecting OC and wetness (17). Conclusion Based on the results, nonlinear random forest model had more accuracy than linear regression in predicting snail abundance. Results showed that calcium carbonate equivalent, pH, EC, and organic carbon were the most effective soil priorities on snail abundance. There was no linear relation between soil properties and soil snails, but in the nonlinear model, we found their role. Aspect, elevation, and land temperature were the most effective parameters on snail abundance that probably affected soil properties, such as calcium carbonate and soil moisture.
